Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, primarily in parts of Asia and the Pacific rim. The mosquitoes responsible for spreading JE are most active during the night, from dusk to dawn, and thrive in rural areas associated with rice farming and pig rearing. However, they can also be present in urban environments. While the risk to most travellers is low, factors such as prolonged stays, rural travel, and outdoor activities in endemic regions during transmission seasons increase the likelihood of exposure. Activities like fieldwork, camping, or staying in rural areas during dusk and night can heighten risk, even for short-term visitors.

Symptoms

The majority of Japanese encephalitis infections are asymptomatic, with many people showing no signs of illness. However, in cases where symptoms develop, they can include fever, headache, vomiting, confusion, and, in severe instances, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). These severe cases often require hospitalisation, with a high risk of death or lasting neurological complications such as paralysis, speech impairments, or seizures. Prompt medical attention is crucial for managing symptoms, but the best approach remains prevention through vaccination and mosquito bite avoidance.

Vaccination

The Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a highly effective way to prevent infection, particularly for travellers spending extended periods in rural or high-risk areas during the transmission season. For those wondering about the Japanese encephalitis shot, the vaccine is recommended for individuals aged two months and older who plan to travel to endemic regions or engage in activities that increase exposure risk. The vaccine is available as a two-dose series, with the standard schedule completed over 28 days. However, an accelerated schedule is available for adults aged 18–65, with doses administered on day 0 and day 7 for faster protection. While mosquito avoidance measures are essential, the vaccine provides an additional layer of protection for high-risk travellers.

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