Tetanus

Tetanus is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus spores are found in soil and manure worldwide, and the infection is acquired when these spores contaminate an open wound. High-risk wounds include deep punctures, burns, fractures with broken skin, and injuries containing foreign material. Once inside the body, the bacteria produce a toxin that attacks the nerves, leading to severe muscle spasms and other complications. While tetanus is rare in countries with widespread vaccination programmes, such as the UK, it remains more common in resource-poor areas with low vaccination coverage.

Symptoms

The most common form of tetanus, generalised tetanus, is characterised by intense and painful muscle contractions and spasms. Early symptoms include trismus (lockjaw), where the facial muscles become rigid, followed by stiffness in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and spasms affecting the back and respiratory muscles. In severe cases, the muscle spasms can interfere with breathing, leading to complications such as pneumonia or even death. Despite advances in medical care, tetanus remains fatal in 10% to 20% of cases, even with intensive treatment. Prompt recognition and supportive care are crucial for improving outcomes.

Vaccination

Tetanus vaccination is a routine immunisation, providing highly effective protection against the disease. The primary course consists of five doses, usually completed during childhood. For most individuals, this provides long-term immunity. However, travellers to countries with limited medical facilities are advised to receive a booster dose if their last vaccination was more than ten years ago, even if they have previously completed the primary series. In the event of a high-risk wound, a tetanus booster and possibly tetanus immunoglobulin may be required to ensure protection.

Ensuring that you are up-to-date with your tetanus vaccine is a vital part of travel preparation and wound management. We are proud to provide a tetanus vaccine UK residents can rely on.

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